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<title>Euler (programming language)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Euler (programming language)</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Euler</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Wirth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a><br>Helmut Weber</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developers</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><br><a href="ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1965<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1965</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Scope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Lexical</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Euler</b> is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> created by <a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> and Helmut Weber, conceived as an extension and generalization of <a href="ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designers' goals were to create a language that is:

</p>

<ul><li>Simpler, yet more flexible, than ALGOL 60</li>

<li>Useful and processed with reasonable efficiency</li>

<li>Definable with <a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">rigorous formality</a></li></ul>

<p>Available sources indicate that Euler was operational by 1965.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Euler employs a general <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">data type</a> concept. In Euler, <a href="Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">arrays</a>, <a href="Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">procedures</a>, and switches are not quantities which are declared and named by identifiers: in contrast to <a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>, they are not quantities on the same level as <a href="Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variables</a>. Rather, these quantities are on the level of numeric and boolean <a href="Constant_(computer_programming)" title="Constant (computer programming)">constants</a>. Thus, besides the traditional numeric and logical constants, Euler introduces several added types:

</p>

<ul><li>Reference</li>

<li><a href="Label_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Label (programming language)">Label</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbol_(programming)" title="Symbol (programming)">Symbol</a></li>

<li>List (array)</li>

<li>Procedure</li>

<li>Undefined</li></ul>

<p>All constants can be assigned to variables, which have the same form as in ALGOL, but for which no fixed types are specified: Euler uses <a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic typing</a>. Further, a procedure can produce a value of <i>any</i> type when executed, and this type can vary <i>from one call of the procedure to the next</i>.

</p><p>Similarly, the elements of a list can have values of any type and these can differ from element to element within a list. So, when the list elements are labels, a switch is obtained. If the elements are procedures, a procedure list is obtained, which is unavailable in ALGOL 60. If the elements are lists themselves, then a general tree structure is obtained.

</p><p>Euler provides general type-test and type-conversion operators.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Wirth%E2%80%93Weber_precedence_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirth–Weber precedence relationship">Wirth–Weber precedence relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_precedence_parser" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple precedence parser">Simple precedence parser</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWirthWeber1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Wirth, Niklaus</a>; Weber, Helmut (1966). "Euler: a generalization of ALGOL, and its formal definition: Part I". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>25.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFWirthWeber1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Wirth, Niklaus</a>; Weber, Helmut (1966). "Euler: a generalization of ALGOL, and its formal definition: Part II". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>99.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFChristopher1997" class="citation report cs1">Christopher, Thomas W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901063907/http://www.iit.edu/~tc/euler.pdf">Euler: An Experiment in Language Definition</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Illinois Institute of Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iit.edu/~tc/euler.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2006.</cite></span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/pkimpel/retro-b5500/tree/master/source/EULER">EULER</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> - EULER IV for the <a href="Burroughs_Large_Systems#B5000" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs B5500</a> from 1965</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/gtownsend/icon/tree/master/ipl/packs/euler">euler</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> - An implementation written in <a href="Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a> from 2000-2001</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Niklaus_Wirth207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming<br>languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> (1965) → <a href="PL360" title="PL360">PL360</a> (1966) → <a href="ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a> (1966) → <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> (1970) → <a href="Modula" title="Modula">Modula</a> (1975) → <a href="Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> (1978) → <a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> (1986) → <a href="Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> (1987) → <a href="Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> (1991) → <a href="Lola_(computing)" title="Lola (computing)">Lola</a> (1995) → <a href="Active_Oberon" title="Active Oberon">Active Oberon</a> (1998) → <a href="Oberon_(programming_language)#Oberon-07" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon-07</a> (2007)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Oberon_(operating_system)" title="Oberon (operating system)">Oberon System</a> (1987) → <a href="A2_(operating_system)" title="A2 (operating system)">Active Object System (AOS, 2002), Bluebottle (2005), A2</a> (2008)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)" title="Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)">Formalisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wirth's_law" title="Wirth's law">Wirth's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Wirth_syntax_notation" title="Wirth syntax notation">Wirth syntax notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Wirth%E2%80%93Weber_precedence_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirth–Weber precedence relationship">Wirth–Weber precedence relationship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Algorithms_%2B_Data_Structures_%3D_Programs" title="Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs">Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Lilith_(computer)" title="Lilith (computer)">Lilith</a> (1977) → <a href="Ceres_(workstation)" title="Ceres (workstation)">Ceres</a> (1985)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Workplaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (1963–67)</li>

<li><a href="University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> (1963–67)</li>

<li><a href="ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> (1968–99)</li>

<li><a href="PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> (1976–77, 1984–85)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="J%C3%BCrg_Gutknecht" title="Jürg Gutknecht">Jürg Gutknecht</a></li>

<li><a href="Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a></li>

<li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanspeter_M%C3%B6ssenb%C3%B6ck" class="extiw external" title="de:Hanspeter Mössenböck">de:Hanspeter Mössenböck</a></li>

<li><a href="Larry_Tesler" title="Larry Tesler">Larry Tesler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a></li>

<li><a href="SIGPLAN" title="SIGPLAN">SIGPLAN</a> Programming Languages Achievement Award</li>

<li>Fellow of the <a href="Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcel_Benoist_Prize" title="Marcel Benoist Prize">Marcel Benoist Prize</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

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